tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-79547430856930773622024-03-19T05:42:15.926-07:00Kimia Organik IIAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00288445222094966997noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7954743085693077362.post-79200505968581360612013-05-01T05:55:00.001-07:002013-05-01T06:26:05.784-07:00UTS KIMIA ORGANIK ll - Riska Hernandi (A1C111062)<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">RISKA HERNANDI</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">A1C111062</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">PENDIDIKAN KIMIA </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KIMIA
ORGANIK ll</span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UJIAN TENGAH
SEMESTER</span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Asam karboksilat dapat
ditransformasi menjadi beberapa turunan. Buatlah skema reaksi perubahan dari
suatu ester menjadi amida selanjutnya target akhirnya adalah benzoil khlorida.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jawab :</span></b></div>
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</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Reaksi
perubahan ester menjadi amida</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Salah satu
cara mengubah suatu ester menjadi amida adalah dengan mereaksikannya dengan
ammonia.</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi perubahan membentuk
benzoil khlorida</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Benzoil khlorida dapat dihasilkan
dari reaksi antara benzoil peroksida dan natrium khlorida, reaksi antara asam
khlorida dan asam benzoat, dan reaksi antara ester dan amida.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Asetamida
yg direaksikan dg HCl menghasilkan asil khlorida dan NH<sub>3.</sub></span></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_zF8rI2FqhWhpeCgjAgi6BgrZvwTotxxUuMFNsr1FV6DN5D6Bu4jmxiMO-hp20P5oSvMjhrfxxuA8nZAlUod-oPspZHOW4njC4yB204UVtHxej0x4C-EuT2CEUPOCsX4sEKJO37W_Hb4/s1600/ko.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_zF8rI2FqhWhpeCgjAgi6BgrZvwTotxxUuMFNsr1FV6DN5D6Bu4jmxiMO-hp20P5oSvMjhrfxxuA8nZAlUod-oPspZHOW4njC4yB204UVtHxej0x4C-EuT2CEUPOCsX4sEKJO37W_Hb4/s1600/ko.jpg" /></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7954743085693077362" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7954743085693077362" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7954743085693077362" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">+ HCl -> CH3COCl + NH3</span></span></b><br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Asil
khlorida yg direaksikan dg asam benzoat menghasilkan benzoil khlorida dan asam
asetat.</span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">CH3COCl + C6H5COOH -> C6H5COCl + CH3COOH </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Temukan manfaat dari benzoil
khlorida, jelaskan bagaimana mekanisme senyawa benzoil khlorida berperan.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jawab :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Benzoil khlorida juga dikenal
sebagai benzenakarbonil khlorida, adalah cairan tak berwarna dan berkabut
dengan rumus struktur : </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="83" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/farhan/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="89" /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Adapun manfaat dari benzoil
khlorida adalah sebgai berikut.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Digunakan
sebagai bahan dalam pembuatan zat warna, pembuatan parfum, peroksida, obat-obatan, dan resin </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Digunakan
dalam bidang fotografi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Digunakan
dalam pembuatan tanin sintetik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Mekanisme senyawa benzoil khlorida
berperan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Benzoil
khlorida memiliki rumus molekul C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COCl. Gugus COCl
terikat lansung pada sebuah cincin benzen. Senyawa ini jauh lebih tidak reaktif
dibandingkan asil khlorida sederhana seperti etanoil khlorida. Salah satu peran
senyawa benzoil khlorida<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah berperan
dalam pembuatan parfum. Adapun mekanismenya adalah fenol pertama-tama diubah
menjadi senyawa ionik natrium fenoksida dg melarutkan dalam larutan natrium
hidroksida</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH
+ NaOH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"><img height="22" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/farhan/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" width="13" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>ONa + H<sub>2</sub>O</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Lalu dilakukan pengocokan selama ±
15 menit sampai padatan fenol benzoat terbentuk. Kemudian benzoil khlorida
direaksikan dengan C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Ona yg menghasilkan ester dg bau
yang sangat sedap.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Bila benzoil khlorida dikonversi
menjadi asam benzoat. Buatlah tiga contoh turunan asam benzoat sebagai model,
kemudian jelaskan pengaruh efek resonansi terhadap kekuatan tiga jenis asam
benzoat yang anda modelkan.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jawab :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Adapun reaksi untuk konversi
benzoil khlorida menjadi asam benzoat adalah :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="75" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/farhan/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="445" /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Tiga contoh turunan asam benzoat
adalah sebagai berikut :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Asam
salisilat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Asam
salisat adalah senyawa turunan asam benzoat. Mempunyai nama sistematis asam
orto-hidroksi benzoat dg rumus moloekul C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OHCOOH.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengaruh efek resonansi pada
kekuatan asam salisilat ini cukup mudah untuk melepaskan ion hidrogen. Dan
dapat bereaksi dg Natrium Khlorida (NaCl).</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Natrium
benzoat </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.1pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Natrium benzoat adalah senyawa turunan asam benzoat yg biasa dipakai
untuk pengawetan makanan. Yg rumus molekulnya C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COONa.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Metil
salisilat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.1pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Metil salisilat merupakan senyawa turunan asam benzoat yg biasa
digunakan dalam pembuatan minyak angin bahkan menjadi komponen utamanya. Rumus
strukturnya adalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 37.1pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="89" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/farhan/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" width="93" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dan
masing-masing turunan asam benzoat tersebut dipengaruhi oleh efek resonansi
karena adanya delokalisasi elektron dari ikatan rangkap ke ikatan tunggal.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Resonansi
adalah efek yg memudahkan pelepasan ion hidrogen. Menurut teori resonansi, ion
karboksilat ataupun asam benzoat berada dalam hibridisasi dari dua struktur dg
kestabilan yg sama.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Atom
karbon dihubungkan dg atom oksigen di mana muatan negatif terdistribusi sama di
antara kedua atom oksigen, dan panjang ikatan dari dua ikatan karbon-oksigen
adalah identik.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Usulkan turunan asam benzoat yang
anda gunakan pada soal no.3 dapat dibiodegradasi oleh suatu mikroorganisme,
bagaimana hasil akhir penguraiannya?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jawab :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Biodegradasi adalah proses
pemecahan atau perombakan yg dilakukan oleh mikroorganisme. Senyawa organik
seperti asam benzoat adlah salah satu senyawa yg dapat dibiodegradasi oleh
mikroorganisme.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pada biodegradasi asam salisilat,
bakteri yg berperan adalah bakteri Acinetobacter. Dimana molekul aromatik
pengenalan gugus hidroksi dikatalis oleh enzim oksigenase, efek resonansi
stabil dari cincin benzen sehingga lebih rentan terhadap senyawa lain. Pada
proes ini hasil biodegradasi akhirnya adalah obat yg digunakan untuk
penyembuhan sakit kepala.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7954743085693077362" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7954743085693077362" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7954743085693077362" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7954743085693077362" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7954743085693077362" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dan pada biodegradasi natrium
benzoat dan metil salisilat, bakteri yg berperan adalah Aspergillus oryzae dan
Lactobacillus sp yg menghasilkan senyawa pengawet makanan, serta pembuatan
minyak angin pd metil salisilat.</span></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00288445222094966997noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7954743085693077362.post-24808898120829304482013-04-12T08:59:00.000-07:002013-04-12T08:59:32.705-07:00KIMIA ORGANIK II - BIODEGRADASI SENYAWA ORGANIK<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN">BIODEGRADASI SENYAWA ORGANIK</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PENGANTAR</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Biodegradasi</span><span lang="IN"> adalah
proses dimana bahan organik yang dirobohkan oleh enzim dihasilkan oleh
organisme hidup. Istilah yang sering digunakan dalam kaitannya dengan ekologi,
pengelolaan sampah dan lingkungan proses pengobatabn (bioremediation). Istilah
yang digunakan dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ekologi</span></a> untuk menggambarkan proses biokimia yang cenderung
membawa zat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Organik (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">organik</span></a>, yang dihasilkan secara langsung
atau tidak langsung dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fotosintesis</span></a> dalam zat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorganik" title="Anorganik"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">anorganik</span></a>.
Biodegradasi memainkan membalikkan dengan fotosintesis dan proses biosintesis
berikutnya yang menimbulkan biomassa . Sementara fotosintesis menghasilkan
molekul organik dari molekul anorganik, mengurangi biodegradasi molekul organik
yang kompleks menjadi sederhana konstituen secara bertahap untuk akhirnya membawa
mereka ke tahap anorganik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Fenomena
biodegradasi sangat penting untuk lingkungan yang harus bebas dari sampah dan
limbah untuk membuat jalan bagi kehidupan baru. Pohon-pohon, tanaman, alga,
bahwa semua organisme fotosintetik, berkat matahari mampu menyerap <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbon
dioksida</span></a> di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosfer" title="Atmosfer"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atmosfer</span></a> dan menggunakannya untuk mensintesis gula, molekul
organik di dasar semua zat organik banyak di biosfer. Melalui rantai makanan ,
aliran zat dan energi melewati dari tanaman ( produsen ) ke <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivora" title="Herbivora"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">herbivora</span></a>
( konsumen primer ) dan dari ini ke <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnivora" title="Karnivora"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karnivora</span></a>
( konsumen sekunder ). Mekanisme ini macet dengan cepat, namun, jika tidak ada
pilihan terbalik, yaitu bahwa yang membebaskan karbon dari bahan organik mati,
memastikan sirkulasi materi. Kemudian proses biodegradasi, dalam keseimbangan
alam, martabat sama dengan proses fotosintesis yang hasilnya dan pada saat yang
sama, keberangkatan. Biodegradasi dilakukan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dekomposer&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dekomposer (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dekomposer</span></a> ,
mikro-organisme ( <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamur" title="Jamur"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jamur</span></a>
, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bakteri</span></a>
, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">protozoa</span></a>
) yang tumbuh pada bahan organik mati, atau produk limbah dari ' ekosistem .
Dari sudut pandang kimia, degradasi adalah oksidasi senyawa organik. Proses
oksidasi yang paling penting adalah respirasi telepon yang memungkinkan
pelepasan karbon dioksida dan penutupan siklus biogeokimia karbon.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN">BIODEGRADASI PROTEIN</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Biodegradasi
adalah Proses pemecahan atau perombakan yang dilakukan oleh MikroOrganisme
(MO). Dimana perombakan/pemecahan dilakukan untuk bisa dimanfaatkan, terutama
dalam bentuk energi. MO pemecah ini tergantung pada substrat yang dipecahnya.
Salah satu substratnya adalah: Protein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Protein
merupakan komponen penting atau komponen utama. Protein berfungsi sebagai
pembentuk tubuh, sehingga dalam makanan protein berfungsi sebagai zat utama
yang digunakan untuk membangun/membentuk tubuh. Unsur kimia utama protein
terdiri dari C, H, O dan N. Maka berdasarkan penyusunnya protein dapat
diartikan<br />
Polimer dari beberapa asam amino (+/- 20 macam) yang terhubung dengan suatu
ikatan yang disebut dengan ikatan peptida, sehingga protein disebut juga dengan
ikatan Polipeptida (ikatan yang terdiri dari peptida-peptida). Atau protein
terdiri dari karboksil dan Amino, sehingga protein terdiri dari asam-asam
amino. Asam amino adalah: asam karboksil yang mempunyai gugus amino.
Selanjutnya, karena protein terdiri dari asam-asam amino, maka diperlukan suatu
ikatan untuk menghubungkannya yang disebut dengan ikatan peptida. Biodegradasi
sering menimbulkan kerugian, yaitu mengakibatkan timbulnya bau busuk dan
perubahan cita rasa makanan. Bau busuk timbul karena pemecahan dari bahan
organik yang mengandung Nitrogen (peptida dan asam amino). Selain itu
perombakan juga menyebabkan berubahnya tekstur dari substrat atau bahan pangan.
Hal ini disebabkan oleh koagulasi protein yang dapat mempercepat pembusukan<br />
Bahan pangan yang dirusak biasanya produk yang kaya akan protein dan disimpan
pada suhu rendah. Contoh bakteri yang bersifat proteolitik adalah jenis:
Bacillus, Clostridium, Pseudomonas dan Proteus.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">PERMASALAHAN</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Biodegradasi
adalah suatu proses pemecahan atau perombakan suatu senyawa yang dilakukan oleh
MikroOrganisme (MO). Dan dalam biodegradasi protein salah satu mikroorganisme
yg berperan adalah Pseudomonas. Selain pada protein, bakteri ini juga berperan
dlm biodegradasi senyawa organik lainnya,seperti pada Lemak maupun Fenol.
Mengapa bakteri tsb dapat bekerja pada banyak macam substrat ? Dan bagaimanakah
perbedaan mekanisme biodegradasi oleh MO Pseudomonas pd masing-masing ketiga
substrat tsb ?</span></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00288445222094966997noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7954743085693077362.post-15285655610293600732013-03-28T19:11:00.000-07:002013-03-28T19:13:24.199-07:00Riska Hernandi - KIMIA ORGANIK ll (Keasaman Asam Karboksilat)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u style="text-underline: double;"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">KIMIA ORGANIK II</span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Suatu asam karboksilat adalah suatu
senyawa yang mengandung gugusan karboksil, suatu istilah yang berasal dari
karbonil dan hidroksil. Gugusan yang terikat pada gugusan karboksil dalam asam
karboksilat bisa gugus apa saja, bahkan bisa gugus karboksil lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifat-sifat Asam Karboksilat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat
Fisik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ntar
molekulnya terjadi asosiasi melalui ikatan hidrogen, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">T</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">itik
didihnya lebih tinggi daripada senyawa lain yang mempunyai berat molekul
sebanding, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">elarutan
asam karboksilat dalam air lebih besar daripada senyawa lain yang berat
molekulnya sebanding</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat
Kimia</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">M</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">erupakan asam
lemah, dengan harga pKa: 4-5</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">K</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">eberadaan
substituen yang berupa gugus penarik elektron dalam molekul asam karboksilat,
meningkatkan keasamannya</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ereaksi
dengan basa kuat dan menghasilkan garam yang larut dalam air</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">D</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">engan katalis
asam (umumnya H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>), reaksi asam karboksilat dan alkohol
menghasilkan ester</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengukuran Keasaman</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam air asam karboksilat berada pada kesetimbangan dengan ion karboksilat
dan ion hidronium. Satu ukuran dari kekuatan asam ialah besarnya ionisasi
daslam air. Lebih besar jumlah ionisasi, lebih kuat asamnya. Asam karboksilat
umumnya asam yang lebih lemah daripada H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>; daslam
larutan air, kebanyakan molekul asam karboksilat tidak terionisasi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kekuatan asam dinyatakan
sebagai konstanta asam <i>K</i>a, konstanta kesetimbangan ionisasi dalam air. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dimana :
[RCO<sub>2</sub>H] = molaritas dari RCO<sub>2</sub>H</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 291.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
[RCO<sub>2</sub>] = molaritas dari RCO<sub>2</sub><sup>-<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sup></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></sub><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>] atau [H<sup>+</sup>]
= molaritas H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> atau H<sup>+</sup></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Harga Ka yang lebih besar
berarti asam tersebut lebih kuat sebab konsentrasi dari RCO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>
dan H<sup>+</sup> lebih besar. Untuk mempermudah maka harga pKa= adalah pangkat
megatifdari pangkat dalam Ka. Apabila Ka bertambah, pKa berkurang; oleh sebab
itu makin kecil pKa berarti makin kuat asamnya. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resonansi dan Kekuatan Asam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebab utama asam karboksilat
bersifat asam adalah resonansi stabil dari ion karboksilat. Kedua struktur dari
ion karboksilat adalah ekivalen; muatan negatif dipakai sam oleh kedua atom
oksigen. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Delokalisasi dari muatan
negatif ini menjelaskan mengapa asam karboksilat lebih asam daripada fenol.
Walaupun ion fenoksida merupakan resonansi stabil kontribusi utama struktur
resonansi mempunyai muatan negatif berada pada satu atom.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 186.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PERMASALAHAN</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keasaman
dari asam karboksilat ditentukan oleh mudahnya gugus –OH melepaskan ion
hidrogen dari –OH pada alkohol. Bagaimana mekanisme terjadinya pelepasan ion
hidrogen tsb? Apakah penyebab terjadinya hal tsb,selain dari pengaruh resonansi?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam
etanoat merupakan salah satu senyawa asam karboksilat yang dihasilkan dari
oksidasi etanol. Dan dalam proses oksidasi ini dipengaruhi oleh bakteri
mycoderma acetic. Bagaimana bakteri ini dapat berperan dalam proses oksidasi
tsb? Serta bagaimana keasaman asam etanoat tsb?</span></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00288445222094966997noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7954743085693077362.post-53051749389908001512013-03-17T04:19:00.001-07:002013-03-17T06:12:03.426-07:00Riska Hernandi - Kimia Organik ll (AMIDA)<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">KIMIA ORGANIK II</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">AMIDA</span></u></b></div>
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<b>Amida</b> adalah suatu jenis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa" title="Senyawa"><span style="text-decoration: none;">senyawa</span></a> kimia yang dapat memiliki dua pengertian. Jenis pertama
adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugus_fungsional" title="Gugus fungsional"><span style="text-decoration: none;">gugus fungsional</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik"><span style="text-decoration: none;">organik</span></a> yang
memiliki gugus <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonil" title="Karbonil"><span style="text-decoration: none;">karbonil</span></a> (C=O) yang berikatan dengan suatu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"><span style="text-decoration: none;">atom</span></a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="text-decoration: none;">nitrogen</span></a> (N),
atau suatu senyawa yang mengandung gugus fungsional ini. Jenis kedua adalah
suatu bentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion" title="Anion"><span style="text-decoration: none;">anion</span></a> nitrogen.
<span lang="SV">Amida merupakan turunan dari
asam karboksilat yang paling tidak reaktif, amida yang paling penting adalah
protein. Suatu amida diberi nama dari asam karboksilat dengan mengganti akhiran
–oat atau -at dari nama asamnya dengan akhiran amida.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>STRUKTUR DAN IKATAN </b></div>
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Amida paling
sederhana adalah turunan dari amonia dimana satu atom hidrogen telahdigantikan
oleh gugus asil. Pada umumnya amida direpresentasikan sebagai RC (O) NH2.Amida dapat
berasal dari amina primer (R'NH2) dengan rumus RC (O) NHR '. Amida juga umumnya
berasal dari amina sekunder (R'RNH) dengan rumus RC (O) NR'R. Amida biasanya
dianggap sebagai turunan dari asam karboksilat di mana gugus hidroksil telah
digantikan oleh amina atau amonia.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhyOZFMspzJYMm52GofPiVlZESiV0PVtVN5BY_Y2Vy__NrDD0Q7Tf9ZvCGNix9CX30ujH20kysYaErVj0IPu4Z-EhAUl64EGeXFepXUMm42PuSMiZRLg3rwYAOABiPEU3huwkSloRXmYw/s1600/amida+4.jpg"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhyOZFMspzJYMm52GofPiVlZESiV0PVtVN5BY_Y2Vy__NrDD0Q7Tf9ZvCGNix9CX30ujH20kysYaErVj0IPu4Z-EhAUl64EGeXFepXUMm42PuSMiZRLg3rwYAOABiPEU3huwkSloRXmYw/s320/amida+4.jpg" border="0" height="128" src="file:///C:/Users/ACER-PC/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Tata nama</div>
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Amida ialah suatu senyawa
yang mempunyai nitrogen trivalen yang terikat pada suatu gugus karbonil. Dalam
senyawa amida, gugusfungsi asil berkaitan dengan gugus –NH2. Dalam pemberian
namanya, akhiran –Oat atau –At dalam nama asam induknya diganti dengan kata
amida.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Contoh:</div>
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HCOOH : Asam metanoat / asam
format </div>
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HCONH2 : metanamida(IUPAC)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Formamida (trivial)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
CH3CH2CH2COOH : asam
bityanoat/asam butirat</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
CH3CH2CH2CONH2 : butanamida
(IUPAC)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Butiramida (trivial<span style="font-size: 12pt;">)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Sifat-sifat</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Amida
memiliki titik didihnya cukup tinggi disebabkan oleh adanya ikatan hidrogen
antar molekulnya. Amida paling tidak reaktif diantara turunan asam karboksilat.
Amida bersifat polar.</div>
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<br /></div>
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3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>Pembuatan</div>
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a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Pemanasan garam ammonium karboksilat</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Reaksi alkil sianida dengan air</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: blue; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Reaksi ester dengan ammonia</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: blue; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Kegunaan</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
Senyawa amida
memiliki kegunaan yang luas dalam kehidupan antara lain dapat berguna
dalam pembuatan obat-obatan seperti sulfoamida yang digunakan untuk melawan
infeksi dalam tubuh manusia, sebagai zat antara dalam pembuatan
amina, sebagai bahan awal dalam pembuatan suatu polimer seperti
palmitamida yang digunakan sebagai bahan penyerasi pada penguatan karet
alam dengan silika.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">PERMASALAHAN</span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Salah
satu cara pembuatan amida adalah dg pemanasan garam ammonium karboksilat yg
menghasilkan amida dan air. Sebenarnya bagaimanakah mekanisme reaksi pembuatan
amida dg cara tsb? Apakah ada faktor-faktor yg mempengaruhi proses pemanasan
garam ammonium karboksilat tsb sehingga dihasilkannya amida?</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<b style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";">Seperti
yang diketahui bahwa amida tidak memiliki sifat yg jelas terlihat sbg asam-basa
dalam air. Mengapa demikian?</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"></span></b>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00288445222094966997noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7954743085693077362.post-41375232275609091392013-03-10T08:40:00.000-07:002013-03-12T02:05:24.279-07:00Riska Hernandi - Kimia Organik II (ESTER)<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">KIMIA ORGANIK II<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ESTER<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">kimia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, <b>ester</b> adalah suatu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa
organik"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">senyawa
organik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> yang terbentuk
melalui penggantian satu (atau lebih) atom </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">hidrogen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugus_fungsional" title="Gugus
fungsional"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">gugus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksil" title="Hidroksil"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">hidroksil</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> dengan suatu gugus organik (biasa
dilambangkan dengan <b>R'</b>). Asam oksigen adalah suatu asam yang </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">molekulnya</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> memiliki gugus </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksida" title="Hidroksida"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">-OH</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> yang hidrogennya (H) dapat menjadi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">ion</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> H+.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: black; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rumus Umum</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ester
merupakan senyawa turunan asam alkanoat, dengan mengganti gugus hidroksil<br />
(–OH) dengan gugus –OR1. Sehingga senyawa alkil alkanoat mempunyai rumus
umum:R-COOR1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: black; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tata Nama</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Untuk memberi nama senyawa ester, disesuaikan dengan nama asam alkanoat<br />
asalnya, dan kata asam diganti dengan kata dari nama gugus alkilnya.</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: black; margin-left: 79.95pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 10.7pt;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 10.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rumus Struktur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 10.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.3pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nama IUPAC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 44.15pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CH3–COOCH3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CH3–COOCH2CH3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CH3-CH2-COO-CH2-CH3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CH3-CH2-COO-CH2CH2CH3 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 44.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.3pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Metil Etanoat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Etil etanoat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Etil Propanoat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Propil Propanoat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 10.7pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext; border-style: none solid; border-width: medium 1pt; height: 10.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"></td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid none none; border-width: medium 1pt medium medium; height: 10.7pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.3pt;" valign="top" width="138"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.3pt;" valign="top" width="236"></td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 103.3pt;" valign="top" width="138"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifat-sifat
ester</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1)
Sifat fisis ester<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; margin-left: 65.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ester suku rendah merupakan zair
cair yang mudah menguap dengan bau harum
dari beberapa bua-buahan dan bunga-bungaan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; margin-left: 65.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ester suku tinggi berupa minyak,lemak,atau lilin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; margin-left: 65.25pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Semakin banyak jumlah atom C semakin
tinggi titik didihnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; margin-left: 65.25pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2) Sifat kimia alkil alkanoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ester
dapat mengalami reaksi hidrolisis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ester dapat bereaksi dengan basa
membentuk garam dan alkohol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; margin-left: 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kegunaan Ester</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Senyawa
ester dengan rantai pendek (yang berasal dari asam alkanoat suku rendah dengan
alkanol suku rendah) banyak terdapat dalam buah-buahan yang menimbulkan aroma
dari buah tersebut, sehingga disebut ester buah-buahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ester
yang berasal dari gliserol dengan asam alkanoat suku rendah atau tinggi (minyak
dan lemak),digunakan sebagai bahan baku untuk pembuatan sabun dan mentega.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: black; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ester
dari alkanol suku tingggi dan asam alkanoat suku tinggi. Ester ini disebut
lilin,yang digunakan untuk pemoles mobil dan lantai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: black; margin-left: 54pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: black; margin-left: 54pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel CONTOH
AROMA SENYAWA ESTER</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: black; margin-left: 48.15pt;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.4pt;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rumus Struktur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jenis Ester<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aroma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 140.4pt;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CH3COOC5H11 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">C4H9COOC5H11 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">C3H1COOC5H11 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">C3H7COOC4H9 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">C3H7COOC3H7 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Amil Asetat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Amil Valerat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Amil Butirat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Butil Butirat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Propil Butirat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108pt;" valign="top" width="144"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Buah Pisang <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Buah Apel <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Buah Jambu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Buah Nanas <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Buah Mangga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: black; margin-left: 54pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembuatan
ester<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Asam
etanoat (asam asetat) dengan etanol membentuk etil etanoat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
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<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
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<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75"
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o:title="padding"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/ACER-PC/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="10" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5"
o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:315.75pt;height:39pt;
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Etanol
krlorida dengan etanol membentuk banyak
hidrogen klorida bersama dengan ester cair etil etanoat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: black; margin-left: 49.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:303.75pt;height:12.75pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ACER-PC\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.gif"
o:title="ethetheqn2"/>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PERMASALAHAN</span></u></b></div>
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<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Dalam pembuatan ester terdapat salah satu metode yg mana digunakan NaOH yang direfluks bersama asam karboksilat untuk menghasilkan ester. Dan metode ini hanya baik jika adanya alkil halida primer. Mengapa demikian? Bagaimana sebenarnya pengaruh alkil halida tersebut?</span></span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span>Beberapa
alkil alkanoat (ester) alami terdapat pada bahan makanan ( buah-buahan) dan sekarang
sudah banyak dibuat di industri-industri. Bagaimanakah perbedaan alkil alkanoat
alami dengan buatan industri tersebut? Dan bagaimanakah pengaruh alkil alkanoat
terhadap pemakaian sebagai penambah rasa?</span></li>
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